MOLECULAR TARGET AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A REVIEW.

 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disease. Cytokine plays a significant role in modulating the immune systemand specifically the inflammation. The role of cytokines in disease has led to new development in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Differentmediator cause inflammation, and degradation of joint cartilage in RA. Some of the novel target inhibitors, which are used to treat and control thisdisease are cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TNF-α converting enzyme, interleukin-1, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, matrix metalloproteinase,nuclear factor κB, mitogen activated protein kinase, phosphodiesterase-4, janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription, Bruton'styrosine kinase, spleen tyrosine kinase, Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases. The mode of action and their progress in research have been covered in thisreview.Keywords: Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, Tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme, Tumor necrosis factor-α, Janus kinase, Spleentyrosine kinase, Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K)

Neoproterozoic substrate condition vis-à-vis microbial mat structure and its implications : Sonia Sandstone, Rajasthan, India

The present study deals with the Neoproterozoic mat-infested substrate sculptured by inferred bioturbations, excellently preserved within the ca. 600 Ma Sonia Sandstone, northwest India. The bioturbations are horizontal, being preserved on the bed-surfaces and have been classified into linear grooves and discoidal structures. The linear grooves are of two types, one group represents a straight to meandering pattern with raised sand ridges on either side, while the other group represents a mostly meandering pattern with changing width along the length, without raised ridges. Both types of grooves resemble trails of advanced organisms. The discoidal structures have five internal lobes emerging from the centre and merging with the outer ring and may represent body impressions of an organism; alternatively may represent variants of Ediacara or other soft bodied organisms. The interaction of the substrate with these possible bioturbators has great significance in establishing the evolutionary history of the substrate and resulting bioturbations during the Proterozoic. Microbial mats possibly provided oxygen and nutrients to the organisms and played an important role in their preservation. The study also tries to extrapolate the life style of these trace-makers. All these traces may raise speculation about the onset-time of some higher order organisms.DST Fast track project (Young Scientist Scheme, No: SR/FTP/ES-03/2011).CAS (Phase V), UPE-II programme of Jadavpur University. National Research Foundation and University of Pretoria, South Africa.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jseaes2016-07-31hb201

Sedimentation patterns during the Precambrian : a unique record?

Although the similarities between depositional processes and products as well as the analogous controls on basin-filling and evolution appear to have enjoyed great uniformity throughout the sedimentary rock record, a noticeable distinction exists in the rates and intensities of a broad range of geological processes in the Precambrian epoch. This paper searches for distinctiveness in the Precambrian sedimentary record, both siliciclastic and carbonate, through an extensive, though not exhaustive, review of the relevant literature augmented by new observations. While differences in Precambrian deltaic, aeolian, glacial and possibly also lacustrine deposits and settings appear to have been small, their large-scale development was controlled largely by a combination of temporal and geodynamic influences, essentially of global compass. In this regard the onset of the supercontinent cycle and major perturbations in palaeo-atmospheric composition appear to have been significant. Marine environments provide a poor platform for PrecambrianePhanerozoic comparisons of sedimentation patterns, as those from the former period are preserved almost exclusively in epeiric settings, an environment essentially lacking on modern Earth. For the shallow marine carbonates, biological mediation of chemical sediment deposition changed radically from dominance by microbial biota in the Precambrian to a combination of metazons, protozoans and algae for the skeletal carbonates of the Phanerozoic. Despite it being widely recognized that Precambrian channel systems were braided in all environments (deltaic, tidal, alluvial, fluvial) as a consequence of the lack of vegetation and poor development of soils, the fluvial setting has some enigmatic aspects. Amongst these is evidence for ponding of muddy detritus in apparently sandstone bed-load dominated braided systems, with effects on local palaeoslopes which have resulted in unusual palaeohydraulic parameters for Precambrian fluvial systems. This is perhaps a field of research which holds greater promise when investigating sedimentation patterns prior to the Phanerozoic.SS acknowledges field grants from the CSIR, Government of India and the INSA-DFG for providing a fellowship to work with WA in Munich on molar tooth structure. PGE thanks both the University of Pretoria and the National Research Foundation of South Africa for funding.http://www.elsevier.com/locate/marpetgeonf201

Topics in Noncommutative Geometry Inspired Physics

In this review article we discuss some of the applications of noncommutative geometry in physics that are of recent interest, such as noncommutative many-body systems, noncommutative extension of Special Theory of Relativity kinematics, twisted gauge theories and noncommutative gravity.Comment: New references added, Published online in Foundations of Physic

A REVIEW ON THE ROLE OF PPARγ AGONISTS AND HYBRIDS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES AND CARDIOMYOPATHY.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic multiple metabolic disorders characterized by increase in blood glucose level and accompanied with anumber of microvascular and macrovascular complications due to lifestyle factors, genetic factors related to impaired insulin secretion and insulinresistance and environmental factors. Cardiovascular complications are one of the main causes responsible for 80% mortality rate in Type 2 diabeticpatients. Recently, amino acids and peptides are emerging as very good groups of antidiabetics as well as cardioprotective drugs, which may decreasethe symptoms of DM as well as take care of cardiovascular complications. Synthetic analogs of amylin and incretin mimetics are becoming idealadjuncts to diabetes therapy. To overcome the complications related to present day oral hypoglycemic agents which includes sulfonylureas, biguanide,thiazolidinediones etc., This study has been done to review the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists, amino acids and hybridcompounds for activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase receptors, which in turn plays important role in the treatment ofType 2 diabetes and cardiomyopathy.Keywords: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists, Thiazolidinediones, Hybrid compounds, Adenosine monophosphate-activatedprotein kinase activation, Type 2 diabetes, Cardiomyopathy

A comprehensive review on phytopharmacological investigations of Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth

Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth. is a perennial shrub having a wide range of medicinal potentials and is widely distributed throughout the world. It is being used traditionally to overcome various medical complications like sore eyes, aches, rheumatism, allergy, itching, and rashes. Besides, Acacia auriculiformis has been proven for many pharmacological activities like central nervous system depressant activity, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimalarial, anti-filarial, cestocidal, antimutagenic, chemopreventive, spermicidal, wound healing, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic activity due to its low toxicity (LD50 = 3 741.7 mg/kg) and high efficacy. In addition, various phytochemical investigations reveal the presence of chief constituents as flavonoids (Auriculoside) and triterpenoid saponin glycosides (acaciasides- acaciaside A & B) in different parts of this plant. Since many years researchers have been carrying out various studies on this medicinal important shrub to elicit the various biological activities. This review attempts to highlight the pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological observations from 1965 to 2018 retrieved from SciFinder, Scientific journals, books, Google Scholar, and botanical electronic database websites. The various plant extracts evaluated for different pharmacological activities showed significant efficacy. Bioactive phytoconstituents isolated from various parts of the plant are highlighted. Pharmacognostical standardization of the plant done with various standard parameters is also reported. The low toxicity of this plant and the presence of major bioactive phytoconstituents like flavonoids and triterpenoid saponin glycosides are responsible for a therapeutic remedy for various diseases and pharmacological activities respectively. This review provides exhaustive information about the pharmacognostical, phytochemical, and pharmacological investigations of Acacia auriculiformis till date

Waste to wealth?a green initiative by ICAR-CIFRI

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Waste to wealth?a green initiative by ICAR-CIFRI

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